Virgina Woolf Vs.Helene Cixious Essays - Literature, Feminism

Virgina Woolf Vs.Helene Cixious Compare Helene Cixous's position on women's writing with that of Virginia Woolf in A Room of One's Own. Do you think they would agree with each other? Why or why not - which aspects seem similar, which ones different, and which ones may perhaps be seen as complimentary to each other in some way? Let's do a hypothetical situation here. Imagine Virginia Woolf and Helene Cixous in a room, alone, discussing women's writing, and position in society. This is something I would like to see. I think that the conversation would be a highly animated one, filled with anger, disagreement, and heartfelt unity. Take Cixous's position on women, saying that only through understanding one's body, and the refusal to reject it, can a woman truly write. Saying that only at the end of patriarchy and the end of the Phallocentric culture we live in today can a woman write something that has meaning. Without repression ?woman's imaginary is inexhaustible, like music, painting, writing, Their stream of phantasm is incredible? (Laugh p.246) Woolf claims that women can write under this system of repression, as long as she has a space of her own. Where she is uninterrupted by life outside that room. Both Cixous and Woolf discuss the lack of women's writing in history. Woolf talks about the lack of ?mothers? (women writers from the past). She believes that this silence of her foremothers is a serious detriment to women's style of writing today. Cixous does not directly mention this but, some of the things she wrote leads one to believe that she agrees with Woolf on this point. ?Just on the point of being discovered?millennial ground to break?I refuse to strengthen them by repeating them.? (Laugh p.245) .? ?Women must put herself into the text - as into the world and into history.? Here I think she is saying that women's writing is a ground yet uncovered and her refusal to strengthen the silence. ?I know why you haven't written, because writing is at once too high, too great for you, It's reserved for the great ? that is for great men.? (p. 246) Both Woolf and Cixous write about the oppression by men, and how this affects women's writing. While this is Cixous's main point in Laugh of the Medusa?, Woolf only mentions this a few times. Mainly in the universities, where women are not allowed to walk on the lawn, or enter the libraries without being accompanied by a male scholar, How there is a world of knowledge closed from women. Cixous states ?I'm speaking of woman in her inevitable struggle against conventional man. Both encourage other women to write. Woolf claims that it is not only for change that women must write, but also for her own selfish purposes, the simple fact she likes to read. Cixous urges women to gain back themselves and their bodies through writing. ?Writing is for you, you are for you, your body is yours, take it? (p. 246) Both agree that men and women have two different styles of writing, here Woolf doesn't exactly state this, but states ?It was refreshing to read a man's writing, although there seemed to be an underlying ?I? behind the scene he created? (2). Cixous states ?I write woman, woman must write woman, and man, man.? (p.247) Bibliography Virginia woolf - in search of our mother's garden Philosophy

Nader for President essays

Nader for President essays Well one big reason Ralph Nader should be president is because the whole left wing right wing game was a sham, Democrats and their false liberalism, Republicans and their horrible conservatism. I think we need to go to the extreme left wing, back to grassroots campaigns and honest politicians. Washington does not belong to the government, nor to the people. Washington is corporate occupied territory, Democrats and Republicans are just a facade for Big Business. They can deny it forever the fact still remains that both parties accept money from special interest groups. Unlike the rest of the Presidential hopefuls, Ralph Nader is not running his campaign based on fear. Republicans play on the fear of terrorism and Democrats play on the fear of Bush. Ralph Nader says America should vote on conscience. Would you consider making up your mind before you hear the facts an ignorant thing to do? Well thats what party politics is, a bunch of people with no opinion of their own, They are puppets that stand with their party on almost every issue. You and I both know that we are conservative about some things and liberal about others. For instance Im conserative on the issue of murder rates in the country, but Im liberal about J-walking. At the rate we are goin we wont have a country left to enjoy our freedom on, No other presidential hopeful seems to realize how Important the enviroment is except Ralph Nader. The other canidates are worried about the money, but they dont realize that ther is no economy without ecology. ...

IP 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IP 1 - Essay Example It may be just a movie but helped me settle the argument if everything around me is just an idea or predetermined but finally concluded that everything has physical existence and that nothing is predetermined. Real for me meant a tangible existence that could be verified by my senses. Since everything around me is verifiable by my senses, everything I see is real and that we have free will. There two main thoughts about the source of knowledge. One is the idea of tabula rasa that the mind is empty and it gets its knowledge from sensory experience and study. There is also another thought that posits that the mind already contains some ideas such as conscience and the predisposition to believe the existence of a Supreme Being. For me however, I am more incline to believe that knowledge is a product of study and experience more than a predetermined idea. And this knowledge is subjective. What I experience and learn may differ from other person and as a result, we will have a different kind of thinking but we may have agree on some truths such as existence of a Supreme Being, to be a moral person, to serve society, etch. Traditional thinkers hold that faith conflicts with reason. They posit that to be faithful, one must abandon reason and to be reasonable, one must not have faith. My position however is that each complements the other. Reason through science supports faith. By knowing the wonder of nature and the universe, I became more convince of the supreme intelligence and power of God and thus, fortified my faith more. Human understanding can also never fathom the eternal wisdom of God. Ethics, which is doing the right thing to differentiate from morals, which means to be a good person in a way that ethics only requires following a certain standard of right whereas morals is not subjective. Moral is universal regardless of culture, norm or society. Simply put, being good does not mean following certain rules which ethics

The Country Of Egypt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Country Of Egypt - Research Paper Example 4.3 Unemployment 12 5 Economic Structure 135.1 Agriculture 13 5.2 Industry 155.3 Services Sector 16 6 International Economic Relations 17 6.1 Foreign Trade by Major Countries 17 6.2 Foreign Trade by Commodities 17 6.3 Foreign Direct Investment 18 7 Major Problems of Economy in Future 19 8 Conclusion 20 Bibliography 21 The Country of Egypt 2 1 Introduction Egypt is well-known for its ancient...Egypt is officially named as the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a state in North Africa which is covering a region of about 1,001,450 square kilometers. This paper contains geographical, demographical, governmental and historical statistics and on also focuses on the economic strategy and formation, the macroeconomic situation and the state's global economic relations to present Egypt's position in the world and its markets. Egypt is located at 1,001,450 square kilometers. It is the world's 38th largest and leading country. It is similar in size to Tanzania, double the size of France, four times the size of the United Kingdom and is further more than half the size of the United State of Alaska. However, due to the dryness of Egypt's climate, population centers are determined all along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta which means that about 99% of the population employs merely about 5.5% of the entire land area. Egypt is surrounded by Libya to the west, Sudan to the south and by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east. Egypt's significant job in geopolitics branch is from its considered situation that is a transcontinental state; it possesses a land bridge namely, the Isthmus of Suez, located amid Africa and Asia, which sequentially is negotiated by a passable waterway, the Suez Canal that is joined with the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea.

Characteristics of imprisonment in the nineteenth century Essay

Characteristics of imprisonment in the nineteenth century - Essay Example Characteristics of imprisonment in the nineteenth century During the 17th century, prison was any place that the offenders were held while awaiting the punishment. During the 17th century, London Bridewell house was constructed as a prototype prison that could hold the disorderly poor in order to instill the habits of work through prison labour. The 19th century witnessed the implementation of the first state prison that was the national penitentiary at Millbank in London. The prisoners were kept in separate cells, but were allowed to associate during the day. Pentoville prions was constructed in 1842 with cells measuring 13 feet long, 9 feet high and 7 feet in width and operated a separate system that entailed solitary confinement of the prisoners. Peel’s Gaol Act of 1823 had separated the prisons depending on the status of the offender. The prisoners were confined in a separate cell and were tied with rope and communication to other prisoners was impossible. Select Committee of the House of Lords recommended for the appointment of Prison Inspectorate and implementation of silent prison system. The first stage of silent system was solitary confinement for a period of up to nine months that was coupled with hard labour and prayers in the cells. The second penal stage was the provision of sleep and meals in a separate cell, but the prisoner would be allowed to work with the rest of prisoners. The third stage was consisted the conditional release on account of good conduct and constant police supervision. Under the silent system, food was monotonous, beds were replaced with hammocks in order to cause the offender sleepless nights and hard labour entailed Oakum picking in order to separate the fibres of an old ship’s ropes for reuse.... These systems entailed a lot of brutal punishment methods such as electric shocks, starvation and plugging of prisoners in boiling water. However, many boroughs decided to give up their prisons instead of incurring higher expenses of maintaining the prisoners (Emsley 89). In 1877, the prisons were nationalized and came under the control of Prison Commission. The Prison Commission was of the view that restructuring was essential in order to reduce the number of prisons and stop reoffending. The Prison Commission asserted its won control of prisons and standardised the regulations of all prisons thus leading to uniformity. Conclusion I agree with Sidney and Beatrice that the nineteenth century prison policy was ultimately ‘the fetish of uniformity’. After the passage of Prison Act of 1865, the Prison Commission implemented measures of standardizing services offered to prisoners including the quality of food, the number of labour hours and ensured that prisoners wore unifor ms while in the cells. In addition, the prisons employed new qualified personnel such as psychologists, caseworkers and welfare officers who were tasked with providing counseling services and providing treatment to the prisoners. By mid 1890s, the Prison Commission had successfully implemented uniformity, efficiency in administration and welfare services in prisons. The 1898 Prison Act gave the Secretary of State to make rules governing prisons and a Board of Independent Visitors for every convict prison was established (Emsley 113). Question (b). ‘When we look back, transportation captures our contemporary attention as a sensible, colourful and almost exciting way of dealing with serious offenders. But with the benefit of hindsight, we can appreciate

Phenylthiocarbamide Taste Perception in Type 2 Diabetics

Phenylthiocarbamide Taste Perception in Type 2 Diabetics Phenylthiocarbamide taste perception in type 2 diabetics and healthy subjects: A case-control study Authors: Wajiha Hassan, Hina Hassan, Muhammad Usman Anwar, Muhammad Umar Kamal, Ehsan Ullah ABSTRACT Objectives: We conducted this study to find out any epistatic relationship between expression of PTC gene and the genes controlling T2D development through comparing the relative frequency of PTC taste perception among T2D patients and healthy subjects. Methods: It was a case-control study conducted in diabetes clinics / centers located at various teaching hospitals in Lahore city. A total of 270 (135 diabetics and 135 healthy) subjects were tested for PTC taste perception by pouring a drop of PTC solutions of 0.0125%, 0.125% and 0.25% concentrations to determine super-tasters, tasters and non-tasters. The proportion of tasters and non-tasters was compared in two study groups with the help of Chi Square test and a p value of 0.05 or less was considered significant and to reject the null hypothesis. Results: Mean age of T2D patients and healthy subjects was 34.21 ±5.74 and 32.90 ±7.44 years respectively. Male to female ratio among T2D patients and healthy subjects was 1:14 and 1:1 respectively. Only 22 (16.29%) of T2D patients and 40 (30.37%) of healthy subjects were super-tasters which was significant difference (p = 0.009) and Odds ratio (OR) was 0.4624. A total of 39 (28.89%) of T2D patients and 25 (18.51%) of healthy controls were non-tasters which was also significant difference (p = 0.04513) and OR was 1.788. Conclusions: Supertasters and tasters of PTC have odds ratios of 0.4624 and 1.788 to have type 2 diabetes mellitus. Key words: Phenylthiocarbamide, taste perception, type 2 diabetes mellitus Introduction: Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception is a genetically controlled trail.(1) Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a widely occurring multifactorial disease with complex multigenic inheritance playing an important role in its pathogenesis.(2, 3) Interaction of genes conferring inheritance of T2D, pre-diabetes and obesity and those causing PTC taste perception has not been studied in detail though some investigators have highlighted that a possible link exists between the phenotypic expressions of these gene complexes.(4-6) We conducted this study to find out any epistatic relationship between expression of PTC gene and the genes controlling T2D development through comparing the relative frequency of PTC taste perception among T2D patients and healthy subjects. Methods: It was a case-control study conducted in three diabetes clinics located at various teaching hospitals in Lahore city i.e. Jinnah A Diabetes and Endocrinology at Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Diabetes Management Center, Services Hospital Lahore and a diabetes clinic at Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore. A sample of 270 (135 diabetics and 135 healthy) subjects was taken by simple random sampling technique with the help of lucky-draw method among the patients attending these clinics and their attendant/relatives who were non-diabetic. The confirmation of non-diabetic status of the control group participants was obtained by their random serum glucose P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant and to reject the null hypothesis. Results: Mean age of T2D patients and healthy subjects was 34.21 ±5.74 and 32.90 ±7.44 years respectively and there was no significant difference of age distribution among two study groups as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Age distribution of the study population Seventy (51.8%) of the T2D were males and 65 (48.2%) were females. Thus male to female ratio among T2D patients was near to 1:1. About half (n=67, 49.6%) of healthy subjects were males and 68 (50.4%) were females. Thus male to female ratio among healthy subjects was 1:1 as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Gender ratio among study groups Only 22 (16.29%) of T2D patients and 40 (30.37%) of healthy subjects were super-tasters which was significant difference (p = 0.009) and Odds ratio (OR) was 0.4624. Seventy-one (52.6%) of T2D and 73 (54.1%) of healthy controls were tasters which was not significantly different (p=0.141) and calculated OR for tasters as compared to non-tasters was 1.556. A total of 39 (28.89%) of T2D patients and 25 (18.51%) of healthy controls were non-tasters which was also significant difference (p = 0.04513) and OR was 1.788 as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Frequency of super-tasters, tasters and non-tasters in T2D and controls Discussion: Perception of bitter taste is a variable trait both within the same population and between different human populations.(7) Bitter taste perception is encoded by a family of 25 TAS2R taste receptors.(8) Whereas, the two most studied genes are TAS2R38, the one associated with the ability to taste PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) and PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil).(9) Approximately 75% of the world’s population are considered ‘‘tasters’’, and perceive these substances as moderately to intensely bitter. These compounds are weak or tasteless for the remaining 25% of the population, who are considered ‘‘non tasters’’.(10) Another study revealed that tasters can be further divided into two sub-groups: â€Å" tasters†, who perceived moderate intensity from PTC/PROP, and â€Å"supertasters† who perceived these compounds as extremely bitter. Thus, the population distribution of non tasters, tasters and super tasters is nearly 25%, 50% and 25% respectively.(11) In current study, the distribution of PTC taste perception for non-tasters, tasters and super-tasters was 25 (18.5%), 71(52.6%), 39 (28.9%) among the healthy controls which is quite comparable to the findings of Bartoshuk et al.(11) A study from American population showed that 71.2% of their study population was taster and 28.8% was nontaster.(12) A study from a neighboring Asian country reported that taste perception to PTC compounds was present (tasters) in 67% and absent (non-tasters) in 33%.(13) Another study from same Asian country reported that 66.38% of the study population was taster and 33.62% was non-taster to PTC.(14) However, a study from a Pakistani population of young healthy adults revealed the distribution of PTC tasters and non-tasters as 73.75% and 26.25% respectively.(15) Similarly, another group of investigators from Pakistan reported that 81.33% of the healthy adults were tasters and 18.6% were non-tasters.(16) Our observations are comparable to both the studies especially prevalence of non-tasters in our study is approximately the same as reported by Iqbal et al.(16) The second point of discussion in current study is the phenotypic association between the genes encoding for PTC taste perception and diabetes which has been studied by the procedures and methods mentioned earlier. Why the authors did conduct this study? A simple answer is the compelling and enormous links between diabetes and taste perception proposed in the recent literature.(17-19) A study has revealed that increased serum glucose levels induce a concentration-dependent impairment of taste perception in T2D patients as the result of an adaptation of the sensory cell to elevated circulating concentrations of glucose.(5) A study from an Asian population revealed a significant difference in taste sensitivity to PTC between the diabetics and non-diabetics, the former being less sensitive than the latter (16.7 vs. 6.8%).(20) A decrease in palatability of the glucose solutions induced by the glucose load (negative alliaesthesia) has been reported between PTC tasters and non-tasters wher e tasters showed higher hedonic ratings (Mean 4-25), as compared to non-tasters (Mean 3-70) and this difference was more evident after the glucose load in non-tasters.(21) More recently, genetic analysis of bitter tasters and non-tasters have shown that a polymorphism in TAS2R38 is associated with differences in ingestive behavior of the two groups, which may in turn be linked to the development of pre-diabetes and T2D.(22) However, by far the most delectable observations have been reported by Wang et al., who observed significant differences in plasma levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and insulin-like growth factors-1 between tasters and non-tasters to PTC.(4) They also found a positive correlation between plasma levels of glucose and body mass index (BMI) exclusively in non-tasters which indicate that besides the regulation of food consumption, taste perception also appears to be snugly linked to the circulating metabolic hormones. It is proposed by the previous investigators and supported by the authors of current study that people with different taste sensitivity may respond differently to the nutrient stimulation. More robust investigations probing into the link between taste perception and peripheral metabolic control could potentially lead to the development of novel therapies for obesity or Type 2 diabetes. Conclusions: Supertasters are less whereas tasters and non-tasters are more likely to have type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further work is encouraged to unveil the link between taste perception to PTC and T2D. Acknowledgements We acknowledge the participating institutions, their staff members, patients and healthy volunteers for their cooperation. We are thankful to Prof. Dr. Tehseen Iqbal, Professor of Physiology at Dera Ghazi Khan Medical College, DG Khan, Pakistan for his critical, analytic and logistic help without that this research would have never been completed. References: 1.Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H, Leppert M, Risch N, Drayna D. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1221-5. 2.Schmidt B, Dragano N, Scherag A, Pechlivanis S, Hoffmann P, Nothen MM, et al. Exploring genetic variants predisposing to diabetes mellitus and their association with indicators of socioeconomic status. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:609. 3.Banerjee M, Saxena M. Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2014 Aug 15;5(4):493-504. 4.Wang R, van Keeken NM, Siddiqui S, Dijksman LM, Maudsley S, Derval D, et al. Higher TNF-alpha, IGF-1, and Leptin Levels are Found in Tasters than Non-Tasters. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014;5:125. 5.Bustos-Saldana R, Alfaro-Rodriguez M, Solis-Ruiz Mde L, Trujillo-Hernandez B, Pacheco-Carrasco M, Vazquez-Jimenez C, et al. [Taste sensitivity diminution in hyperglycemic type 2 diabetics patients]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2009 Sep-Oct;47(5):483-8. 6.Hajnal A, Covasa M, Bello NT. Altered taste sensitivity in obese, prediabetic OLETF rats lacking CCK-1 receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Dec;289(6):R1675-86. 7.Robino A, Mezzavilla M, Pirastu N, Dognini M, Tepper BJ, Gasparini P. A Population-Based Approach to Study the Impact of PROP Perception on Food Liking in Populations along the Silk Road. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e91716. 8.Behrens M, Meyerhof W. Bitter taste receptors and human bitter taste perception. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 Jul;63(13):1501-9. 9.Behrens M, Bartelt J, Reichling C, Winnig M, Kuhn C, Meyerhof W. Members of RTP and REEP gene families influence functional bitter taste receptor expression. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 21;281(29):20650-9. 10.Guo SW, Reed DR. The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception. Ann Hum Biol. 2001 Mar-Apr;28(2):111-42. 11.Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Miller IJ. PTC/PROP tasting: anatomy, psychophysics, and sex effects. Physiol Behav. 1994 Dec;56(6):1165-71. 12.Keller KL, Reid A, MacDougall MC, Cassano H, Song JL, Deng L, et al. Sex differences in the effects of inherited bitter thiourea sensitivity on body weight in 4-6-year-old children. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Jun;18(6):1194-200. 13.Saraswathi YS, Najafi M, Vineeth VS, Kavitha P, Malini SS. Association of phenylthiocarbamide taste blindness trait with early onset of childhood obesity in Mysore. Journal of Paramedical Sciences. 2011;2(4):6-11. 14.Hussain R, Shah A, Afzal M. Distribution of sensory taste thresholds for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste ability in North Indian Muslim populations. The Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. 2013;14:367-74. 15.Raziq MA, Farog A, Iqbal T, Ahmed A. Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) Taste Sensitivity and Blood Groups in Students at Bahawalpur. Journal of Sheikh Zayed Medical College. 2011;2(1):152-4. 16.Iqbal T, Ali A, Atique S. Prevalence of Taste Blindness to Phenylthiocarbamide in Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Physiology. 2006;2(2):35-7. 17.Yu JH, Shin MS, Lee JR, Choi JH, Koh EH, Lee WJ, et al. Decreased sucrose preference in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014 May;104(2):214-9. 18.Wasalathanthri S, Hettiarachchi P, Prathapan S. Sweet taste sensitivity in pre-diabetics, diabetics and normoglycemic controls: a comparative cross sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:67. 19.Gascon C, Santaolalla F, Martinez A, Sanchez Del Rey A. Usefulness of the BAST-24 smell and taste test in the study of diabetic patients: a new approach to the determination of renal function. Acta Otolaryngol. 2013 Apr;133(4):400-4. 20.Ali SG, Azad Khan AK, Mahtab H, Khan AR, Muhibullah M. Association of phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity with diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. Hum Hered. 1994 Jan-Feb;44(1):14-7. 21.Bhatia S, Sharma KN. Taste impairment for glucose in diabetic PTC tasters and non-tasters. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1991 Jul;12(3):193-9. 22.Dotson CD, Shaw HL, Mitchell BD, Munger SD, Steinle NI. Variation in the gene TAS2R38 is associated with the eating behavior disinhibition in Old Order Amish women. Appetite. 2010 Feb;54(1):93-9.

Janies Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay example --

Janie's Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God    "Dey all useter call me Alphabet 'cause so many people had done named me different names," Janie innocently expresses (Hurston 9). The nickname "Alphabet" is appropriate in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God because she is indefinable to others and herself. From her early childhood, Janie Crawford searches for self-knowledge and grows through her relationships with men, family, and society. The main character continually seeks autonomy and self-realization, but her quest cannot continue as long as she is the object of others. Janie must find her own identity to become the subject of her desires and dreams. To accomplish this, she enters into, not away from, black culture to find her meaning in life. Janie dares not to be pathetic, or tragic, but to defy the expectations of her men, family, and society. Through Janie's life experiences, she is able to shift from the object of other's lives to the subject of her own life. Hurston uses the power of language and different narrative techniques to show Janie's transition throughout the novel. It is important to notice that in Janie's journey from object to subject, the narration of the novel shifts from third person to a mixture of first and third person; thus, the shift shows the awareness of self within Janie. Language becomes an instrument of injury and salvation and of selfhood and empowerment. The use of powerful language is exemplified well in the text when Janie is asked to say a few words as the new Mrs. Mayor. Joe, her second husband, quickly cuts in and says, "Thank yuh fuh yo' compliments, but mah wife don't know nothin' 'bout no speech-makin'. Ah never married her for not... ...izes the chance for happiness. Janie is comfortable knowing that she can live for herself, for she has become the subject of her own life. Janie is a complete woman because her inner and outer self unites; she transforms her social role into an organic role. Being comfortable in one's own skin and self, because of and not in spite of, is the true source of joy. Sources Cited and Consulted Hinton, Kip Austin. "Zora Neale Hurston." Zora Neale Hurston Web Site. Kip Austin Hinton, ed. 07/16/2003. Available at www.1.am/zora Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row, 1937. Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. " 'Tuh de Horizon and Back': The Female Quest in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Modern Critical Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Ica Gh Syslabus

Objectives and Expected Performance Outcome of each part THE INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS (GHANA) Syllabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations ACCRA 2009 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 1 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations Contents Introduction Features and Inovations of the New Scheme Objectives and Expected Performance Outcomes of Each Part PART 1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 Financial Accounting Fundermentals Business Management Economics Management Information Systems PART 2 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. Quantitative Tools in Business Audit and Internal Review Business and Corporate Law Principles and Practice of Taxation PART 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 Financial Reporting Public Sector Accounting Cost and Management Accounting Financial Management PART 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 Advanced Financial Reporting Advanced Audit and Professional Ethics Corporate Strategy and Governance Advanced Tax Planning and Fiscal Policy Review of Qualifying Examinations Syllabus May 2010 Proposed Tra nsitional Arrangements 1 2 3 4 11 17 25 32 37 42 50 55 61 68 73 80 86 98 108 115 116 2 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Financial Accounting FundamentalsINTRODUCTION After nearly four years of organizing examinations on the current syllabus of the Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana), professional programme, the first of which was held in May 2005, it is now considered appropriate and timely to revise and update it in order to bring it in line with current state of knowledge and to make it more relevant to the current demands of employers and clients. The job of the Chartered Accountant has become more sophisticated because of the effects of globalisation, developments in information technology and the complexity of the modern business organisation.The modern day chartered accountant, for instance, not only expresses an opinion on the accuracy and fairness of financial statements, but also advises management on the viability of investment projects, tax matters and ren ders specialised advisory services, etc. In many cases, he is called upon to serve the nation as a member of a special investigation panel. In order to perform these functions creditably, he needs to have acquired proficiency in accounting theory and practice. The new syllabus would be examined in May 2010. The new syllabus attempts to meet the dual goals of the scheme through the subject structure and coverage.The 16-subject, 4-level-structure examination combines subjects which address the practical skills requirements of the potential professional accountants with others which are mainly of the theoretical or conceptual nature and therefore serves as a good grounding for the Professional Accountant. SUMMARY OF NEW STRUCTURE Exhibit 1: Chart of New Examination Scheme 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 Financial Accounting Fundamentals Business Management Economics MIS & Business Systems 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 Financial Reporting Public Sector Accounting Cost and Management Accounting Financial Mana gement PART 1PART 3 PART 2 PART 4 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 Quantitative Tools in Business Audit and Internal Review Business and Corporate Law Principles and Practice of Taxation 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 Advanced Financial Reporting Advanced Auditing and Professional Ethics Corporate Strategy and Governance Advanced Taxation and Fiscal Policy Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 1 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations FEATURES AND INNOVATIONS OF THE NEW SCHEME This new scheme was developed on a well-established context for a review and change. The following new features and innovations stand out. A four-part structure of 16 papers in total. †¢ Fusion and integration of some courses. This is meant to encourage an integrative learning approach and to minimize the negative of the â€Å"tunnel vision† subject-by-subject training. The combination of related courses is therefore meant to derive more meaning and synergies. For example, it is not uncommon to find very sim ilar questions and requirements on â€Å"Budgeting and Variance Analysis† in both the old [i. e. Current] Management Accounting and Cost Accounting papers. †¢ Clearly defined and achievable learning outcomes from Part to Part.This should partly resolve the problems associated with the placement of partly qualified candidates in industry and on other programmes. †¢ A more rational, easy-to-fit and implement, graduate conversion and exemption scheme has been incorporated. It is hoped that this will motivate higher grade candidate entrants—degree and diploma holders —to acquire sufficient accountancy competence and speed up their eventual professional qualification. †¢ All students have ten (10) years from the date of registration within which to complete all the examinations of the Institute of Chartered Accountants (Ghana).After the ten (10) years period any student who has not completed the examinations of the Institute will not be eligible to tak e the examinations. †¢ Better focus on business [financial] strategy and reporting or communication skills, thereby enabling candidates to appreciate the overall realities of the business environment and to use advisory skills more effectively. †¢ Introduction of some more relevant programmes and appropriate titles — the New Business Strategy is more about management, making accountants strategic decisions makers. Increased emphasis on business advisory skills at the final Part 4. 2 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Financial Accounting Fundamentals OBJECTIVES AND EXPECTED PERFORMANCE OUTCOME OF EACH PART Each of the 4 Parts of this examination scheme has a broad objective and expected performance outcome as stated below. Additionally, within each subject at any Part, the syllabus coverage as well as the detailed but specific objectives and learning outcomes are stated. The broad objective and learning outcomes of the four (4) Parts are as follows: PART 1 â € ¢ 4 basic/foundation papers. Provision of basic principles and knowledge required to understand the Business Environment. PART 2 †¢ Four (4) traditional core papers. †¢ Test of technical expertise required of a modern accountant. †¢ Acquisition of background knowledge and skills necessary for effective performance at middle management level. PART 3 †¢ Four (4) core papers. †¢ Emphasis on business cases, strategy and advisory skills. PART 4 †¢ Four (4) core papers. †¢ Emphasis on business cases, strategy and advisory skills. Result and Interpretation The pass mark is 50%. The results will be published as â€Å"pass† or â€Å"fail.A candidate who fails has the option of rewriting this paper in subsequent examinations till his/her candidature expires. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 3 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PROFESSIONAL PART 1 PAPER 1. 1: Financial Accounting Fundamentals 1. OBJECTIVES AND LEARNING OUTC OMES This paper is designed to enable candidates acquire and appreciate fundamental accounting knowledge in organisations. At the end of the course, the candidate should be able to: Demonstrate sound knowledge and understanding of accounting principles, concepts and their application in the preparation of financial statements.To ensure that students have a sound understanding of the techniques of double entry accounting and can apply its principles in recording transactions, adjusting financial records and preparing non-complex financial statements. Able to identify and correct omissions and errors in accounting records and financial statements. Able to specify the components of financial statements and prepare and present non-complex accounts for sole traders, partnerships and limited companies. Specify why an entity maintains financial records and prepares financial statements.Identify the sources of information for the preparation of accounting records and financial statements. R ecord and account for transactions and events resulting in income, expenses, assets, liabilities and equity in accordance with the appropriate basis of accounting and the laws, regulations and accounting standards applicable to the financial statements. Prepare a trial balance from accounting records and identify the uses of the trial balance. Prepare accounts and financial statements from incomplete records. Understand the different bases of preparing financial statements. Apply some international financial reporting standards.Define the qualitative characteristics of financial information and the fundamental bases of accounting FORM OF EXAMINATION The examination will be a three-hour paper consisting of five compulsory questions. (All the five questions must be answered. ) 3. SYLLABUS WEIGHTING GRID This grid shows the relative weightings of topics within this subject and should guide the relative study time spent on each. The marks available in the assessment will equate to the w eightings below. 4 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. Financial Accounting FundamentalsHowever, there might be slight variations in some instances as they serve as a guide only. SYLLABUS COVERAGE Conceptual Framework of Accounting, Maintaining Financial Records Principles of Double Entry & Books of Prime Entry Adjustments to Accounting Records and Financial Statements Accounting for non-current Assets (tangibles and intangibles) Preparation of Financial Statements including Cash Flow Preparation of Financial Statements for Non-profit Making Organisations, Preparation of Financial Statements from Incomplete Records Accounting for specialised transactions Introduction to financial statements analysis TOTAL WEIGHTING (%) 0 15 20 20 15 10 100 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 5 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 1 Financial Accounting Fundamentals MAI N TOPIC SYLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) 1. 1 Conceptual Framework of Accounting a. Define and explain the scope of accounting, financial accounting, book-keeping, cost and management accounting, and their similarities and differences. b. Explain the needs of external and internal users of accounting information. c. Describe forms of Business Entity: and explain the meaning of ‘entity. ’ d.Explain the categories of business organisations. (i) Sole Proprietorships: Their characteristics, benefits and limitations. (ii) Partnerships: Their characteristics, benefits and limitations. (iii) Limited Liability Companies: Their characteristics, benefits and limitations e. Explain the differences between Partnerships and limited liability companies. f. Explain the purpose of financial statements by 1AS 1. g. Explain the accounting assumptions and concepts. h. Outline the components of financial statements. i. Identify the main users of financial information and their information needs. . Identify and explain accounting concepts and conventions. k. Outline the qualitative characteristics of financial statements. l. Outline the elements of financial statements and the basis of their recognition and their measurements. m. Explain Accounting Standards: their purpose, standards setting process, IASB membership. a. Specify why an entity maintains financial records and prepares financial statements. b. Identify the sources of information for the preparation of accounting records and financial statements. c.Record and account for transactions and events resulting in income, expenses, assets, liabilities and equity in accordance with the appropriate basis of accounting and the laws, regulations and accounting standards applicable to the financial statements. d. Record and account for changes in the ownership structure and ownership interests in an entity. 1. 2 Maintaining Financial Records 6 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Financial Accounting Fundamental s PAPER 1. 1 Financial Accounting Fundamentals MAIN TOPIC SYLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) 1. 3 Principles of Double Entry and Books of Prime Entry a.Understand and apply the accounting equation. b. Identify the elements of financial statements: †¢ Types, definitions, relationships and distinctions. †¢ The nature of transactions. c. Outline the contents and purpose of different types of business documentation, including: quotation, sales order, purchase order, goods received note, goods dispatched note, invoice, statement, credit note, debit note, remittance advice, receipt. d. Identify the main types of ledger accounts and books of prime entry (cash books, the sales day book and the sales ledger, the purchases day book and the purchases ledger) and understand their nature and function. . Understand and illustrate the uses of journals and the posting of journal entries into ledger accounts. f. Identify the main types of business transactions e. g. sales, purchases, paymen ts, receipts. g. Identify correct journals from given narrative. h. Illustrate how to balance and close a ledger account. 2. 1 Adjustments to accounting records and financial statements a. Identify and explain the types of errors that can affect trial balance and its effects on financial statements. (i) Explain how these can be corrected. (ii) Explain the purpose of suspense accounts. iii) Explain the uses of journals to correct errors in draft financial statements. b. Explain the accounting for the following in financial statements; (i) Stocks/inventories. (ii) Tangible non-current assets. (iii) Fixed Assets and Depreciation. (iv) Intangible non-current assets and amortisation. (v) Accruals and prepayments. (vi) Debtors/receivables and trade creditors/ payables. (vii) Provisions and contingencies. (viii) Returns inwards and outwards. (ix) Discount received and discount allowed. (x) Capital and revenue expenditures. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 7Proposed Sylabus for ICA G Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 1 Financial Accounting Fundamentals MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) xii. Bad debts, provisions for doubtful debts, provisions for discounts on debtors. c. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement. 2. 2 Accountingfor Non-current Assets a. Describe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment in accordance with IAS 16. b. Explain the methods and policies of depreciation (limited to straight line, reducing balance and revaluation methods). c. Explain the reasons for depreciation and accounting for provision for depreciation. . Account for disposal of property, plant and equipment using ledger accounts. e. Account for recognition of Intangible assets in accordance with IAS 38. f. Explain the differences between depreciation and amortization. a. Prepare and present income statement and balance sheet of a sole trader: i Manufacturing Account ii Trading Account iii Profit and Loss Account iv Balance Sheet a. Describe the procedure for forming a partnership. b. Outline the provisions in the Incorporated Private partnership Act 1962 (Act 152) in relation to the preparation of partnership accounts. c.Prepare final accounts of partnership: †¢ Trading, profit and loss account †¢ Profit and loss appropriation account †¢ Partners’ capital and current accounts †¢ Balance sheet d. Explain the procedure for admission of a partner. e. Explain the methods of valuing goodwill. f. Explain revaluation in relation to an admission of a new partner, change in the profit sharing ratio, or a retirement/death. 3. 2. Preparation of Financial Statements of a Partnership Firm 3. 1 Preparation of Financial Statements of a Sole Trader 8 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Financial Accounting FundamentalsPAPER 1. 1 Financial Accounting Fundamentals MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) g. Prepare partnership accounts for an admission, change in the profit sharing ratio, or a retirement. h. Pre pare accounts for simple dissolution (excluding piecemeal realisation). 3. 3 Preparation of Financial Statements of a company a. Distinguish between. – Ordinary Share and Preference Share. – Authorised Capital and Stated Capital. – Income Surplus and Capital Surplus. b. Describe the nature and types of debentures. c. Explain the nature and purpose of final accounts of a limited liability company. . Draft company final accounts for internal use. e. Define cash flow and explain cash flow statement. f. Describe the usefulness of cash flow statement. g. Prepare a simple cash flow statement in accordance with IAS 7. a. Identify the type of entity that is a non-profit making organisation. b. Identify the purpose of such organisations. c. Outline the differences between income statement for non-profit making organisation and income statement for a profit making business. d. Prepare receipts and payments account, income statement and a balance sheet for a non-profit mak ing organisation.Prepare Income statement and balance sheet of an entity from incomplete records. 4. 1 Preparation of Financial Statements for Not-for-Profit Organisations 4. 2 Preparation of Financial Statements fromIncomplete Records 5. Accounting for a. Explain joint venture. Specialised b. Distinguish between joint venture and partnership. Transactions Joint Venture; c. Explain how to make entries in the accounts of a joint venture. Investments; d. Explain investments accounts, and how they are Royalties; used. Branch Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 9 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. Financal Accounting Fundamentals MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) e. Record transactions in investment accounts. f. Explain royalties, minimum rent and short workings. g. Record royalties in the books of the lessee and lessor (including sub-royalties or leases). h. Prepare departmental and branch accounts (excluding foreign branches). 6. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis a. Calculate basic financial ratios from given income statement and/or balance sheet: – Profitability Ratios – Liquidity (Short term solvency) Ratios – Gearing/Leverage Ratios – Activity/Efficiency Ratios – Investment Ratios b.Explain the meaning and uses of the above ratios. c. Outline the limitations of financial ratios as tool for performance measurement. LIST OF RECOMMENDED TEXT 1. 2. 3. ICAG Study Text. Wood F. Business Accounting 1: Financial Times. Millichamp, R. A. (1992) Foundation Accounting; DPP. RELEVANT LEGISLATIONS 1. 2. Companies Code, 1963, Act 179. Incorporated Private Partnership Act 1962, Act 152. 10 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Business Management PAPER 1. 2 Business Management 1.OBJECTVES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the course, candidates should be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ explain the objectives of business and the functions of management; expl ain the major concepts, theories and techniques in the field of general management; apply the concepts, theories and techniques in analysing and providing solutions to business problems; describe the various functional areas of an organisation and how they relate to one another; describe the environment within which businesses operate; appraise the impact of economic, social, political, legal, technological and global changes in the environment on management decisions. . FORM OF EXAMINATION The examination will be a three-hour paper of seven (7) questions. Candidates will be required to answer any five (5) questions. 3. SYLLABUS WEIGHTING GRID This grid shows the relative weightings of topics within this subject and should guide the relative study time spent on each. The marks available in the assessment will equate to the weightings below. However, there might be slight variations in some instances as they serve as a guide only.Syllabus Coverage Introduction to Management Planning and Decision Making Organizing, Motivation, Leadership, Controlling Communication Groups and Team Work Human Resource Management Marketing Management Operations Management TOTAL Weighting (%) 10 15 30 15 10 10 10 100 11 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 2 Bussiness Management MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT Introduction to Management a. Explain the objectives of business organisations. b.Explain the four (4) functions of management and state the other major elements in the management process. c. Explain the roles of management. d. Explain the types of skills needed by managers. e. Describe how managerial jobs differ according to the levels and areas of responsibility. f. Explain the evolution of management theories. g. Explain how socio-cultural, legal, economic, political and technological and global changes influence businesses. h. Explain the concept of stakeholders and distinguish between primary an d secondary stakeholders. i. Explain the nature of the power and interests of takeholders. j. Explain the social responsibility of businesses. Planning and Decision Making a. Define and differentiate between the following key terminologies: Planning †¢ Forecasting †¢ Objective setting †¢ Policies †¢ Programmes †¢ Schedules †¢ Procedures †¢ Budgeting b. State and describe types of plans. c. Categorise the types of planning at the different levels of management. d. Explain the planning process. e. Explain the steps in the decision making process. f. Appraise alternative solutions and select appropriate solution(s) to organisational problems. g.Evaluate and apply skills necessary for effective decision making as regards the entire spectrum of management and organisation. 12 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Business Management PAPER 1. 2 Bussiness Management MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT Organising a. Describe the elements that make up organisational structure and its related units. b. Develop organisational charts and explain their importance. c. Describe the main approaches to job design. d. Explain the major methods of vertical co-ordination, including formalisation, span of management, centralization vs. ecentralisation, delegation, line and staff positions. e. Analyse delegation, authority, responsibility and accountability and their impact on motivation and organisational culture. f. Explain, analyse and evaluate the concept of coordination as an integral part of management. g. Distinguish between types and conditions for business and organisational integration. h. Identify and state the characteristics and relationships associated with planning, organising, leading and controlling in organisations. i. Appraise the role and importance of co-ordination. a.Define leadership. b. Explain the major sources of a leader’s power. c. Explain the following leadership theories: †¢ Traits theory â⠂¬ ¢ Behavioural theory †¢ Contingency theory †¢ Managerial grid †¢ Tannenbaum and Schmidt leadership continuum †¢ Fieldler’s contingency theory †¢ Situational leadership †¢ Path-goal theory. †¢ Contemporary theories d. Explain the various leadership styles Leadership Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 13 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 2 Bussiness Management MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT Motivation . Explain the theories of motivation. b. Describe the role of behavioural aspect of motivation. c. Evaluate the limitations to motivation theories. d. Describe how teamwork and consultative management are used as motivational tools. e. Outline the linkage between motivation and output. a. Explain the nature and importance of organizational control. b. Describe the control process. c. Discuss the different organisational control process. d. Explain the different control methods. a. Explain the mean ing and role of communication in modern organisations. b.Explain the main forms of communication. c. Describe the communication process. d. Distinguish between organisational communication channels and explain their role in managing effectively. e. Discuss the roles of negotiation in the management process both within an organisation and with external bodies. f. Identify and describe barriers to communication. a. Define and analyse the concept of management groups, inter or intra-group relations and how motivation influences group/managerial behaviour. b. Analyse and evaluate the concept of team approach in directing organisational activities. . Explain how groups are formed within organisations and how this affects performance. d. Explain the nature, functions and purposes of social groups in organisations. e. Explain inter-personal and inter-group relations and distinguish between them. f. Define and analyse the concept of organisational culture and business etiquette in organisat ions. Controlling Communication Groups and Teamwork 14 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Business Management PAPER 1. 2 Bussiness Management MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT Human Resource Management a.Explain the role of the human resource management function and its relationship to other parts of the organisation. b. Describe the recruitment process. c. Distinguish between training and development and show their relationship. d. Explain the meaning and effects and/or application of job evaluation, staff appraisal, performance measurement and evaluation; promotion and demotion. e. Explain the disciplinary procedure in human resource management. f. Explain compensation systems and the significance of indirect compensation. g. Explain the concept of organisational health and safety and its benefits. . Distinguish between duties of employer's and employees responsibilities. Marketing Management a. Explain the marketing concept. b. Outline the strategic roles of ma rketing in organisations. c. Explain the main elements of a marketing plan and importance. d. Explain segmentation and targeting of markets and positioning of products within markets. e. Explain the elements of the marketing mix and their application. f. Describe the role of technology in modern marketing. g. Explain the differences and similarities in the marketing of products and services. h. Design and implement a pricing strategy. . Explain customer care strategies as a means of achieving competitive advantage and their relationship with total quality management. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 15 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 2 Bussiness Management (Cont’d. ) MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT Operations Management a Explain the following types of production process: †¢ Job production †¢ Batch production †¢ Mass/continuous/flow production b. Explain and compare the following methods of plant layout: †¢ Process layout â € ¢ Product layout †¢ Fixed-position layout. c.Discuss the role of operations management in organizations. d. Explain the concept of quality and total quality management. e. Explain how the quality of products and services can be assessed, measured and improved. RECOMMENDED/REFERENCE TEXTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ICAG Study Text. Appleby P. O. Modern Business Administration, Pitman. Boachie-Mensah, F. O. Essentials of Management, Woeli Publishing Services. Cole, G. A. Management: Theory and Practice. DP Publications. Marfo-Yiadom, E. Principles of Management, Woeli, Publishing Services. 16 Institute of Chartered Accountants, GhanaEconomics PAPER 1. 3 Economics 1. OBJECTIVES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES On completion with this paper, candidates should be able to: †¢ explain the nature and scope of economics; †¢ define and explain the fundamental problems of satisfying wants from scarce resources with alternative uses or describe resources allocation in relation to competing wants; à ¢â‚¬ ¢ explain and offer illustrations of the main techniques of economic analysis as a basis for business decisions; †¢ identify how macroeconomic variables and government economic policies affect and/or influence an organisation. explain the main features and contemporary trends of the Ghanaian economy and apply the concepts and techniques of economics to current business issues. 2. FORM OF EXAMINATION The examination will be a three (3) hour paper of seven (7) questions, five (5) of which should be answered by candidates. The paper will consist of two (2) sections, A and B. Section A will consist of four (4) questions on microeconomics and Section B will consist of three (3) questions on macroeconomics.Candidates are required to answer three (3) questions from Section A and two (2) questions from Section B. 3. SYLLABUS WEIGHTING GRID This grid shows the relative weightings of topics within this subject and should guide the relative study time spent on each. The marks availab le in the assessment will equate to the weightings below. However, there might be slight variations in some instances as they serve as a guide only. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 17 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 3 Economics SYLLABUS COVERAGE (Cont’d. ) WEIGHTING (%)Basic Economics — Concepts and Systems Price and quantity determination Elasticity concepts Theory of consumer behaviour Theory of production Theories of costs and revenues Theory of the Firm National income accounting Money and banking Public Finance International Trade TOTAL 7 10 8 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 100 18 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Economics PAPER 1. 3 Economics SECTION A: Microeconomics MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT Basic Economic Concepts and System a. Define and explain economics in relation to production, distribution. b. Consumption of goods and services. c.Explain the concepts of scarcity, choice and scale of preference. d. Explain the concept of opportunity cost in relation to individuals, firms and government. e. Identify the main characteristics of the various economic systems and explain their merits and demerits. f. Discuss the role of economics in business decision making. a. Define demand and supply and identify the types. b. Identify and explain the determinants of quantity demanded and supplied. c. Explain individual and market demand and supply using tables, graphs and equations. d. Distinguish between a change in quantity demanded and a change in demand. . State and explain the determinants of a change in demand and a change in quantity demanded. f. Distinguish between a change in quantity supplied and a change in supply. g. State and explain the determinants of a change in supply and a change in quantity supplied. h. Identify and explain the determinants of a change in supply and a change in quantity supplied. i. Explain the concepts of equilibrium price and quantity via demand and supply with the aid of tables and diagrams. j. Determine equilibrium price(s) and quantity(ies) mathematically for a single and a two-commodity model. . Define and explain maximum (ceiling) and minimum (floor) price legislations and give reasons for legislating prices. l. State and explain the consequences of price legislation with the aid of diagrams. m. Explain the remedies for the consequences of price legislation. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 19 Price and Quantity Determination Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations SECTION A: Microeconomics MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT Elasticity Concepts a. Distinguish between own price (point/arc), cross and income elasticities of demand. b.Calculate and interpret coefficients of own price (point/arc), cross and income elasticities of demand. c. Identify and explain the determinants of price elasticity of demand. d. Calculate and interpret coefficients of price (point/ arc) elasticity of supply. e. Identify a nd explain the determinants of price elasticity of supply. f. Explain how elasticities are used in pricing decisions, production and incidence of taxation. a. Define and explain the concept of utility. b. Define and graph total, average and marginal utilities and calculate average and marginal utilities from total utility. . State and explain the law of diminishing marginal utility. d. Use the law of diminishing marginal utility to explain equilibrium of the consumer (one commodity, two or more commodities) and derive the demand curve. e. Use the equilibrium conditions for two commodities to determine the equilibrium quantities consumed via tables. f. Use the law of diminishing marginal utility to resolve the paradox of value. g. Explain substitution and income effects and use them to show the curvature of demand curves for normal, inferior and Giffen goods. a.Identify, define and explain the factors of production. b. Explain fixed and variable inputs in relation to short and long r un production periods. c. Define and explain total, average and marginal products. d. Calculate marginal and average products from total product and represent total, average and marginal products graphically. e. Identify and explain the relationships between total, average and marginal products. Theory of Consumer Behaviour The Theory of Production 20 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Economics SECTION A: Microeconomics MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT . State and explain the law of variable proportions and use the law to explain the stages of production. g. Explain the long run behaviour of output (returns to scale). a. Distinguish between: †¢ Private and social costs. †¢ Implicit and explicit costs. b. Define, tabulate, represent graphically and explain the inter-relationship of short run costs (fixed and variables costs; total, average and marginal costs). c. Use the law of diminishing returns to variable proportions to explain the conventional shap es (Ushapes) of the average variable cost and marginal cost curves. d.Explain and represent graphically, long run costs. e. Explain economies and diseconomies of scale. f. Use economies and diseconomies of scale to explain: †¢ The position of the long run average cost curve in cost-output, space. †¢ The conventional shape of the long run average cost curve. g. Define and explain total, average and marginal revenues. h. Explain the behaviours of total, average and marginal revenues in both price-taking and pricemaking industries. a. Define the concept of profit in relation to normal and economic profits. b. Distinguish between accountant's and economist's profits. . Distinguish between economic profit and economic loss. a. Distinguish among factory, firm and industry. b. Explain the general concept of equilibrium of the firm. c. Define the various forms of market structures (perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition) and identify the characteristics of each of them. d. Explain the short run and long run positions of the Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 21 Theories of Costs and Revenues Theory of the Firm Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations SECTION B: Microeconomics MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. )SYLLABUS CONTENT perfectly competitive firm, monopolistic firm and monopolistic competitive firm. e. Define oligopoly and identify its characteristics. f. Define, distinguish and give reasons for regulation, deregulation and privatization of firms. National Income Accounting a. Explain the stock and flow concepts of measurement. b. Define national income. c. Explain the following methods of measuring national income: †¢ Expenditure approach †¢ Product (output) approach †¢ Income approac d. Identify and explain the problems and factors that influence the size of national income. e.Explain the relevance of the size of national income. f. Define consumption, savings, investment, government expenditure, imports and exports. g. Identify and explain the determinants of consumption; savings, investment, government expenditure, imports and exports. h. Explain income determination, equilibrium income, the multiplier and the basic accelerator. i. Compute equilibrium income, tax, disposable income and savings. j. Define and explain aggregate demand and aggregate supply. k. Illustrate changes to equilibrium level of national income using aggregate demand and aggregate supply analysis. . Define, identify types and explain measures for tackling unemployment. a. Identify and explain the origins, nature, features and functions of money. b. Identify types of banks and explain the functions of central and commercial banks. c. Explain credit creation by commercial banks. d. Identify and explain the instruments of monetary policy. e. Explain Monetary Policy Formulation through the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Money and Banking 22 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Economics SECTION B: Microeconomic s MAIN TOPIC (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT f.Explain the effects of monetary policy on business organizations. g. Define stock exchange and explain its functions and importance. h. Define and explain demand and supply of money and the three motives of holding money. i. Define and explain inflation and the Philips curve. Public Finance a. Identify and explain the sources of government revenue b. Identify and explain the various items of government expenditure. c. Define National Budget and explain balanced budget, deficit budget and surplus budget. d. Identify and explain sources of financing budget deficit and its economic implications. . Explain Fiscal Policy and identify its tools. f. Define tax and explain the principles (progressive, regressive and proportional) and incidence of taxation. g. Outline the merits and demerits of direct and indirect taxes. h. Define national debt and identify the sources of national debt accumulation. i. Explain the arguments for and against in crease in national debt. j. Identify and explain ways of managing the national debt (e. g. debt swap, Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). Initiative, conversion of national debts into bonds etc. ) a. Give reasons for international trade. . Explain the concept and consequences of globalisation for business and national economies. c. Explain the concept of balance of payments and its implications for business and for government policy. d. Identify and explain the various components of balance of payments. e. Distinguish between balance of payments deficit and balance of payment surplus. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 23 International Trade Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT f. Explain the causes and effects of fundamental imbalances in the balance of payments. g.Identify and explain exchange rate systems (fixed, flexible and managed float). h. Analyse the interrelationship between exchange rate and current accounts balance. i. I dentify and explain types of international trade controls, arguments for and against trade control and liberalization. j. Explain the role of major institutions (e. g. World Bank, International Monetary Fund) in fostering internal development and economic stabilization. RECOMMENDED/REFERENCE TEXTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ICAG Study Manual on Economics Begg, D. Economics, McGraw-Hill Colander, D. C. Microeconomics, McGraw-Hill Colander, D. C. Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill Pomayie, P.Macroeconomics, An Introductory Text 24 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Management Information Systems PAPER 1. 4 Management Information System 1. OBJECTIVES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES This paper is concerned with the strategic importance of information systems to organisations in the modern business environment. It recognises that although may organisations employ Information Technology (IT) Professionals, Chartered Accountants now have a key role to play in the provision of information that adds significant v alue to the ever-increasing volume of data processed for management decision making.At the end of the course, candidates should be able to: †¢ Develop an understanding of general information system concepts and practices and technological environment of the contemporary organisation. Apply a systematic approach to the use of information technology in organisations. Appraise the technological environment in order to support the practical aspects of information provision and usage. Identify and apply project management techniques; and develop project proposals. †¢ †¢ 2. FORM OF EXAMINATION The examination will be a three-hour paper of six (7) questions made up of Sections A and B.Section A will consist of a compulsory case study question of 40 marks. Section B will consist of five (5) questions out of which candidates will be required to answer three (3) questions. 3. SYLLABUS WEIGHTING GRID This grid shows the relative weightings of topics within this subject and shoul d guide the relative study time spent on each. The marks available in the assessment will equate to the weightings below. However, there might be slight variations in some instances as they serve as a guide only. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 25 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. Management Information System SYLLABUS COVERAGE Systems Theory and Practice Information Systems Computers in Communication Information Technology and the Professional Accountant Business Strategy and IS/IT Alignment Project Management TOTAL MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) WEIGHTING (%) 10 35 10 20 10 15 100 1. Systems Theory and Practice Systems concepts and definition a. Explain systems concepts and give examples of real systems. b. Explain the essence of systems approach to problem solving. c. Describe the holistic features of systems. d. Differentiate between system boundaries and environments. . Explain the following system types: †¢ Open †¢ Cl osed †¢ Adaptive †¢ Cybernetic †¢ Deterministic †¢ Probabilistic (or stochastic) System and Subsystems a. Explain the relationships among subsystems in a typical business context. b. Apply the theory of sub-optimality and systems objective. c. Explain the need for system control and feedback. d. Explain the following system control elements: †¢ Standard †¢ Comparators †¢ Sensor †¢ Effectors e. Represent the control mechanisms diagrammatically. 26 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Management Information Systems PAPER 1. 4 Management Information System (Cont’d. MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT 2. Information Systems Application of Information systems in the organisation a. Define and distinguish between data and information. b. Explain the attributes of good information, i. e. accuracy, timeliness, brevity, conciseness, reliability, etc. c. Explain the concept of the value of information. d. Explain the term, Information Technology. e. Explain the role and uses of information in organisation i. e. competitive advantage and support of managerial functions. f. Explain the different types of information systems, i. e. TPS, MIS, DSS, EIS, and ES. g.Describe the three levels of information in relation to the levels of management. Traditional file Structures and storage Media a. Explain the terms, computer file; record; field; record key. b. Explain the relationship and difference between transaction and master files. c. Describe the key methods of file organisation and access. d. List the characteristics and explain the workings of the different storage media — magnetic tape, magnetic disc, diskette, CD-ROM, DVD, Zip disc, flash disk, etc. Database Design and Implementation a. Define database and explain the importance of databases in the operations of an organisation. . Describe the types and enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of database models — hierarchical, network, relational and object-ori ented. c. Explain with examples, components of a Database Management System (DBMS) — hardware, software, people (users, designers, administrators, procedures, data/information). d. Apply database tools to real life systems — Entities, attributes and Relationships. e. Explain entity relationship modeling, data analysis and entity life history. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 27 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 4 Management Information System (Cont’d. )SYLLABUS CONTENT 2. Information Systems (Cont’d) Computer Hardware and Software Concepts a. Explain the hardware concepts of the computer and list its benefits and shortcomings. b. Describe the categories/generations of computers — super, mainframe, mini and microcomputers. c. Draw the basic functional units of a computer system and show how they interrelate — CPU, input/output devices (peripheral devices). d. Describe the various types of computer memory â₠¬â€ semi-conductor memory, cache memory, video memory and flash memory. e. Explain operating systems — single user, multi user. f. Explain system software and describe its components. . Explain the functions of the operating system (os). h. Explain Applications software and describe Packagres. Bespoke software, special purpose software, general purpose software. i. Viruses, worm. j. Explain with examples the evolution of computer programming languages — machine language, assembly language, high level language, 4GL and 5GL. g. Explain the concept of software testing — unit testing, static testing, dynamic testing and regression testing. h. Explain the use of the following: †¢ CASE tools †¢ Prototyping tools †¢ Query language. i. Describe the qualities of a good programme.Representation of processes in computer Systems a. Draw diagrams to represent computer processes using the following tools: †¢ Programme flowchart †¢ Decision trees â₠¬ ¢ Decision tables †¢ Data flow diagram Human Computer Interfaces (HCI) a. Explain the various types of communication between users and computer systems — command driven, menu 28 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Management Information Systems PAPER 1. 4 Management Information System (Cont’d. ) SYLLABUS CONTENT driven, GUI, user-friendliness. b. Internal and External design of systems. 2. Information Systems (Cont’d) Systems Development Life-cycle (SDLC) a.Explain the following phases of the SDLC: †¢ Problem identification †¢ Feasibility studies †¢ System investigation †¢ System analysis †¢ System design †¢ Implementation †¢ Post-implementation review. b. Describe the methods required to measure the success of the system. c. Apply structured methodology to system development. Processing Systems Options a. Describe the processing options and their characteristics (batch, real-time, demand, online, distributed, cent ralized and decentralized processing). IS/IT in the organisation a. Explain the role and describe the staffing, functions and responsibilities of the IS/IT department in an organization. . Explain the principles of facilities management and outsourcing. Controls and Security of Computer Operations a. Explain the principles of system security and control. b. Explain the under-listed control measures: †¢ Administrative controls †¢ Input and output controls †¢ Operational controls †¢ General controls †¢ Verification and Validation c. Explain the principles of hardware/software maintenance (preventive, corrective, adaptive and perfective). Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 29 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 1. 4 Management Information System (Cont’d. )MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT Data communication Principles, Objectives and Uses 3. Computers in Communications a. Explain the importance of computer networks and distributed pr ocessing. Computers in Communication a. Explain the following computer network types: †¢ Wide area †¢ Metropolitan area †¢ Local area b. Explain computer network topologies and protocols. c. Internet, Intranet, Extranet. Office Automation a. Explain office automation. b. Explain E-Business c. Explain the following: †¢ E-Commerce †¢ E-Mail †¢ Telecommuting †¢ E-Banking †¢ Telesales †¢ Video conferencing †¢ Tele conferencing †¢ EDI †¢ E-Learning 4.Information Technology andthe Professional Accountant Information Technology and the Contemporary Accountant a. Explain how information technology influencing the ways in which organization are structured, managed and operated. b. Identify the required level of knowledge of information technology by professional accountants which can be applied to practical problems in the organization. Information Technology Knowledge and Skills Areas a. Explain the role of the accountant in inform ation technology concepts for business systems under the following: 30 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Management Information SystemsPAPER 1. 4 Management Information System (Cont’d. ) MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT †¢ The professional accountant as a user information technology. †¢ The professional accountant as a manager information system. †¢ The professional accountant as a designer business information systems. †¢ The professional accountant as an evaluator information systems. 5. Business Strategy and IS/IT Alignment of of of of a. Explain the approach that an organisation may follow to formulate its strategic business objectives. b. Identify current trends in information technology and the opportunities they offer to organisations. c.Distinguish between a business strategy and an information systems strategy. d. Identify responsibility for the ownership of this strategy. e. Explain the use of IS/IT for competitive advantage, using Porter's mo del. a. Define Project Management and explain the terms of reference of a project. b. Explain the roles and responsibilities of staff who manage and participate in projects. c. Explain roles and responsibilities of the project manager. d. Explain the advantages of using a project management software package in the project management process. e. Construct and analyse a project network. f. Construct and interpret a Gantt chart. . Project Management LIST OF RECOMMENDED TEXT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ICAG Study Manual. Stubbe, R. Computers and Information Systems. French, C. A. Data Processing and Information Technology; 9th Edition. Landon, K. C. Information Systems and the Internet. Kenneth E. Kedeall, K. E. Systems Analysis and Design. Senn, J. A. Information Systems in Management. Wadsworth. Anderson, J. A. Data Processing Vol. 1 & 2; M & E Pitman. French, C. S. Data Processing and Information Technology. DPP. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 31 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qual ifying Examinations PROFESSIONAL PART 2 PAPER 2. : Quantitative Tools in Business 1. OBJECTIVES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the course, candidates should be able to: †¢ Develop the understanding and application of statistical and mathematical techniques needed to solve business and accounting problems. †¢ Explain and interpret the role of the relevant aspects of quantitative techniques needed to solve business and accounting problems. †¢ Make the most informed decision in business and accounting scenarios. 2. FORM OF EXAMINATION The examination will be a three-hour paper of seven (7) questions in all out of which candidates are required to answer any 5 questions. . SYLLABUS WEIGHTING GRID This grid shows the relative weightings of topics within this subject and should guide the relative study time spent on each. The marks available in the assessment will equate to the weightings below. However, there might be slight variations in some instances as they serve a s a guide only. SYLLABUS COVERAGE Data collection and interpretation Decision making under risk and uncertainty Forecasting techniques Planning and control techniques Optimisation and decision making techniques TOTAL 32 Institute of Chartered Accountants, GhanaWEIGHTING (%) 10 20 25 25 20 100 Quantitative Tools in Business PAPER 2. 1: Quantitative Tools in Business MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) 1. Data Collection and Interpretation a. Collect statistical data using the various sampling methods. b. Classify and tabulate data in the form of frequency distribution table. c. Present data pictorially in the form of bar chart, pie chart, give, histogram, Z-Chart, Gantt chart, Lorenz curve, etc. d. Calculate measures of central tendencies ( mean, median and mode) from a given data. e.Calculate measures of dispersion (standard deviation, range, mean deviation, variation, coefficient of variation, quartile deviation and skewness, etc) from a given data. a. Define probability. b. Distinguish between equally likely and mutually exclusive outcomes. c. Explain marginal, joint and conditional probabilities. d. Apply Bayes' theorem to problem solving. e. Draw probability trees. f. Distinguish between dependent and independent events. g. Explain the laws of probability. h. Calculate and interpret expected value and standard deviation of a discrete random variable. . Use decision tree to solve problem. j. Prepare a conditional pay-off table. k. Use normal distribution to solve problems. Matrix Algebra a. Present matrix information in a tabular form. b. Solve matrix algebra: addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, matrix algebra. c. Solve problems involving matrix inversion. d. Solve simultaneous equations by matrix algebra. e. Solve problems involving probability transition matrices. 2. Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 33 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 2. : Quantitative Tools in Business MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) 3. Forecasting Techniques Simple Linear Regression Analysis a. Draw scatter diagram. b. Find the equation of the line of best fit using the east squares method. c. Draw the line of best fit on a scatter diagram. d. Interpret the regression coefficient. e. Use the regression equation to forecast. f. Use the computer output to test for regression (t-test, ftest). Simple Linear Correlation Theory a. Distinguish between regression and correlation. b. Explain negative zero and positive correlation. c.Distinguish between product-moment and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. d. Calculate and interpret product-moment and Spearman's correlation coefficients. Time Series Analysis a. Explain time series. b. State and explain the components of a time series. c. Determine the trend using the methods of moving averages and least squares. d. Apply additive and multiplicative models to determine average seasonal variations. e. Use time se ries to forecast. 4. Planning and Control Techniques Network Analysis a. Distinguish between critical path method (CPM) and programme evaluation and review techniques (PERT). . Draw network diagrams using activity-on-arrow and activity-on nod models. c. Explain optimistic, most likely and pessimistic times for an activity. d. Calculate the expected duration and variance for an activity. e. Determine critical path and project duration. f. Distinguish among and calculate total float, independent float and free float. 34 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Quantitative Tools in Business PAPER 2. 1: Quantitative Tools in Business MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) g. Calculate the probability and minimum time for completing a project. h.Crash a project using cost-time slope (lease incremental cost) concept. i. Use network analysis to allocate resources. Stock Control a. State the importance of keeping stock. b. Distinguish the simple economic order quantity (EOQ), gradu al replenishment and discounts models. c. Use these models to calculate the optimum quantity and determine reorder levels and safety stocks. d. Use the discrete probability to calculate the optimum quantity and determine reorder levels and safety stocks e. Use the normal distribution to determine the reorder levels, service levels and safety stocks. 5.Optimization †¢ and Decision Making Techniques Differential Calculus a. Differentiate polynomial functions (first and second derivatives only). b. Determine the turning points of a function (maximum, minimum, point of inflection). c. Use differential calculus to maximize revenue and profits (with or without tax) and to minimize cost (including the stock control, EOQ problem). d. Use differential calculus to determine point elasticity of demand. Integral Calculus a. Derive a function given its derivative. b. Apply integration to business problems. Linear Programming a. Formulate the primal linear programming problem. . Formulate th e dual linear programming problem. c. Solve the linear programming problem (involving two variables) graphically. d. Set the initial simplex tableau. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 35 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 2. 1: Quantitative Tools in Business MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) e. Carry out the first iteration of the simplex tableau. f. Interpret the final simplex tableau. g. Explain limiting factors (scarce resources) and their shadow prices. h. Carry out sensitivity analysis on the graphical and simplex solutions.LIST OF RECOMMENDATION TEXT 1. 2. 3. ICAG Study Text Francis, A. Business Mathematics and Statistics. Continuum. Lucey, T Quantitative Techniques. Continuum. 36 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Audit And Internal Review PAPER 2. 4: Audit and Internal Review 1. OBJECTIVES AND LEARNNG OUTCOMES The course is aimed at developing the candidates' knowledge and understanding of the audit process from the planning st age through to the reporting stage and the techniques used in the conduct of internal and external audit. At the end of the course, candidates should be able to †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. xplain the nature , purpose and scope of an audit; state and explain the purposes of the regulatory framework within which the auditor's work is conducted; outline the qualification, functions, responsibilities and rights of an auditor; describe the audit procedures required at the planning stage of an audit; explain the techniques for collecting and evaluating audit evidence; explain the techniques for collecting and evaluating audit evidence; explain and apply basic auditing concepts like internal controls, sampling, compliance test, substantive test, weakness test, etc; assess audit risk and design appropriate audit procedures; draw valid conclusions from the results of audit tests; and prepare various reports relating to audit assignments. FORM OF EXAMINATION The examination will consist of three-hour paper. Candidates are to answer all the five (5) questions set. 3.SYLLABUS WEIGHTING GRID This grid shows the relative weightings of topics within this subject and should guide the relative study time spent on each. The marks available in the assessment will equate to the weightings below. However, there might be slight variations in some instances as they serve as a guide only. SYLLABUS COVERAGE Nature, Purpose and Scope of an Audit. The Regulatory Framework of Auditing and Professional Considerations Audit Planning. Evidence Gathering Internal controls and Evaluation of Control Risk Internal Audit and Other Assurance Engagements Conduct of Audit and Assurance Concept, process and Need for Assurance Reporting Framework TOTAL WEIGHTING % 20 20 20 15 10 15 100 37Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 2. 4: Audit and Internal Review MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Co nt’d. ) 1. Nature, Purpose and Scope of an Audit a. Define an audit. b. Explain the purpose/general objectives of an audit (distinguish between primary and secondary objectives). c. Examine the advantages of auditing to stakeholders. d. Explain and distinguish between the following types of audit: †¢ Internal/External †¢ Statutory/non-Statutory †¢ Financial/Operational †¢ Interim/Continuous /Final e. Explain the inherent limitations of an audit. f. Explain the concept of expectation gap. a.Describe the nature, purpose and scope of auditing standards and auditing guidelines (International auditing Standards). b. Explain the procedure for developing auditing standards and auditing guidelines (International Auditing Standards). c. Examine the statutory and ethical considerations relating to acceptance and continuance of audit assignments. d. Assess the code of professional conduct — independence, objectivity, integrity, duty of care, confidentiality an d conflict of interest. e. State the qualification of an auditor. f. State persons disqualified for appointment as an auditor. g. Describe the procedure for appointing and removing an auditor. h.Examine the duties, responsibilities, powers and rights of auditors. i. Describe the process of accepting audit engagements. j. State and explain the contents of letter of engagement. k. Examine the legal liabilities of the auditor. l. Explain how auditors are remunerated. m. Explain management and auditors respective responsibilities for the presentation of financial statements and detection of fraud and error. 2. The regulatory framework of auditing and Professional Considerations 38 Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana Audit And Internal Review PAPER 2. 4: Audit and Internal Review MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) 3. Basic Principles and Concepts of Auditing a.Explain the fundamental principles and concepts of auditing: †¢ Walk through test †¢ †¢ †¢ à ¢â‚¬ ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Weakness test Compliance test Substantive test Vouching Audit risk Audit sampling — judgmental and statistical, and sample selection methods Systems based audit Materiality True and fair view Directional and rotational testing Systems and risk based audit. 4. Auditing Planning and Evaluation a. b. c. d. Explain the purpose and advantages of audit planning. Describe the process of audit planning. Prepare audit planning memorandum. Examine analytical review procedures as a planning technique. e. Evaluate preliminary materiality levels and audit risks. f. Evaluate the adequacy of accounting system. 5. Internal Controls and Evaluation of Control Risk a. State the reasons for organisations having effective systems of control. b. Identify the fundamental principles of effective control systems. c. Identify the main areas of a business that need effective control systems. d.Identify the components of internal control in both man ual and IT environments, including: †¢ the overall control environment and Control Procedures †¢ preventive, detective and corrective controls †¢ internal audit as a control factor e. Define and classify different types of internal control, with particular emphasis upon those which impact upon the quality of financial information. f. Show how specified internal controls mitigate risk and state their limitations. Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana 39 Proposed Sylabus for ICAG Qualifying Examinations PAPER 2. 4: Audit and Internal Review MAIN TOPIC SYLLABUS CONTENT (Cont’d. ) 5. Internal Controls and Evaluation of Control Risk (Cont’d) g. Identify internal controls for an organisation in a given scenario. h. Identify internal control weaknesses in a given scenario. i.Identify, for a specified organisation, the sources of information which will enable a sufficient record to be made of accounting or other systems and i n t e r n a l controls. j. Defin e internal control. k. State and explain the types and limitations of internal control. l. Explain the following in relation to internal control: objectives, methods of ascertaining, recording, evaluation, testing systems, control environments and control p

The Dim Lighting Company Case Analysis

The Dim Lighting is facing a major decision. They are deciding whether or not to undertake a new project. This project is an extremely costly and time consuming one but on the other hand it may bring great benefits to the company. There are many considerations that are going into the big decision. Jim West is the general manager of the Dim Lighting Company and is thinking over all the ideas and alternatives. There are some problems that deal with the company as a whole. Does the company want to wait until they are â€Å"going down† to think of new innovations? The company knows that they can’t just sit without change. In an ever changing market, a company that wants to be successful must keep up with change. On the other hand, investing in a major project when the company isn’t in the best financial form may not be so beneficial as well. In theory the company may want to react to the situation but in practice they just don’t have the means. There are some problems micro problems with innovation as well. Firstly, it is possible that Spinks has a major influence on the decision because of his autocratic personality. The other managers know that Spinks is a vital member and losing him may really hurt the company. Their decision may be swayed to satisfy Spinks. Another issue on the micro scale is West’s needs for a profitable year. Jim West needs to see the company profitable after a year of slowed profit. This may cause his decision to be biased. There are a few causes that may lead to a change in the company. Firstly is the need for an additional source of income. The company needs to come up with new ways to bring in income and a new innovation look like a great way. Another cause may be the need for new innovation after the same product type has been sold for many years. The workers may be itching for a change and grab the first possible moment. Lastly, the cause for the change may be the overbearing personality of Mr. Spinks. A change like this one can really affect the entire sociotechnical system of a company. Obviously, the technical subsystem of the company would be changed to focus on outputting a new product. In addition, the company currently has a traditional structure if indeed the change does take place the structure will change. As far as the psychosocial subsystem, there are some behavioral problems displayed in the case that can really have a negative effect on the company. The stubbornness of Spinks is just one example of such a behavior. The goals and values of the company and parent company seem to be making income with no need for innovation. The parent company didn’t want to support this change. If the change is made the whole goal of the company will be changes. Lastly, the managerial subsystem will be affected as well. The way the management deals with things will be altered for good. (Brown, 2011) There are some alternative plans that West should consider. Firstly, West should consider a compromise with Spinks and his proposed plans. He can suggest that the project be spread over four years instead of two. He can also tell Spinks that he had to lower the budget a little to make the project feasible. Another option would be to find a private investor. There are people who will invest in new products in the hope of gaining from the profits. If there is a private investor, the company will not make as much profit but at the same time they will save millions on research and development. One last idea, the company can lay out the benefits and pluses of the new product and represent it to the parent company. Perhaps the company will decide to contribute to the funds. There are a few things that should be recommended to West. Firstly, he needs to be very cautious around Spinks. He needs Spinks in the company because of his many attributes. He needs to validate Spinks and be sure to work with him and not against him. Angering Spinks may lead to his resignation, which would be a big loss for the company. West also needs to be told that he needs to think long term. He needs to put aside a one year income improvement and look at the long term picture. I would recommend that West meet with an external practitioner to discuss the issues. The practitioner can talk to all the managers, hear them all out, and then help the company make the best decision possible. An external practitioner is one that comes from a different viewpoint and position of objectivity. ( Zainbooks. com) Lastly, I would suggest that West be sure to do some morale boosting activities during this time. It is a stressful time for all those in the company and West needs to make sure that it has no effect on the employees and managers. Conclusion: This case was a real eye opener for me. I have not been in the business world for long and never at a managerial level. This case showed me how real issues come up and people can be very influential. This case also showed me the importance of consulting a practitioner when issues that are large come up. I also saw the amount of time and consideration that goes into every step that a business takes. It was a great case to display the needs for organizational development in the business world. References: Brown, Donald R. (2011). An Experiential Approach to Organization Development. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. www. Zainbooks.com, The Organization Development Practitioner, http://www.zainbooks.com/books/management/organization-development_10_the-organization-development-practitioner.html, April 4, 2011

MBA online program at University of West Georgia Essays

MBA online program at University of West Georgia Essays MBA online program at University of West Georgia Essay MBA online program at University of West Georgia Essay University of West Georgia has been found in 1906. It’s located in Carrollton and through the years, it grew as the one of most respected universities in the world. It offers lots of master’s, bachelor’s and doctoral degrees. This university has been considered as one of the â€Å"best Southeastern Colleges† by the Princeton Review. Among all of these traditional programs for getting a degree, the University of West Georgia offers many of its courses online which includes an Online MBA program. The academic year of the online MBA program was founded in 2001. The online MBA academics of this university are held by the Richards College of Business. This college has been AACSB accredited and ranked among the first Business Schools by The Princeton Review. According to the review, this business school offers great online MBA programs for all interested and highly qualified students. Students will have the chance to take an online MBA degree by choosing from Managerial Accounting, Strategic Marketing, Global and International Business, Managerial Finance and Entrepreneurship. This online MBA program finishes with a business strategy project which students have to do. All those students who are interested into signing up for these courses, but are not in the business, will be required to take some preparation courses. It’s that time of the year again when prospective students want to go further with their studies while working in their field. All individuals who are interested into signing up for an online MBA program at the University of West Georgia must have bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution. They will be required to have two years of professional experience. The admissions staff will consider all applicants who have the required undergraduate GMAT and GPA scores and any other recommendation letters. The tuition for signing up for this online MBA program for both out-of-state and in-state students is $19,350. This information was taken from the official website of the University of West Georgia. The students who will be accepted to these courses will be required with additional $600 orientation fee which needs to be paid within two weeks. The business school holds the right to change this cost and if you want updated information please contact the university. Why choosing this university? There are many reasons why students should consider signing up for online MBA courses. If we compare this program offered by the University of West Georgia with the other programs, the online MBA courses are more affordable at UWB. If you don’t trust us, please check this information with BusinessWeek or News World Report and read about this university. This program will allow students to complete it in 5 semesters. This program was constructed in order to give the students some breathing space.